Management of embolic splenic abscess secondary to aortic valve endocarditis - case report and review of literature.

BACKGROUND: Splenic abscess is a serious complication associated with infective endocarditis. There is still contradicting evidence regarding the optimal treatment pathway including timing of valve intervention and the approach for managing splenic foci. CASE PRESENTATION: We present a case of a hybrid staged approach in which we successfully performed a laparoscopic splenectomy following percutaneous abscess drainage and a delayed aortic valve replacement. CONCLUSIONS: A multidisciplinary teamwork is fundamental in providing optimal care for patients with distant complications associated with infective endocarditis. Our hybrid approach seems safe and feasible.

The perception of healthcare professionals, through their own personal experiences, of the use of music therapy in hospitalised children and adolescents.

BACKGROUND: Music therapy is an emerging and useful methodology for improving patient environments within healthcare fields. However, although it has been shown that music therapy interventions with hospitalised children and adolescents have been used for decades with positive effects, there are currently very few studies that specifically describe the perspectives of healthcare professionals regarding the value of music therapy when applied in these patients. OBJECTIVES: To describe the insights of healthcare professionals regarding music therapy, both on a personal level and in terms of its usefulness in the care of hospitalised children and adolescents. DESIGN: This was a qualitative descriptive-exploratory study with focus groups. PARTICIPANTS: Eighteen healthcare professionals. METHODS: In January 2023, two focus groups, containing nine healthcare professionals each, were created to collect data regarding their experiences concerning the effect of music therapy on hospitalised children and adolescents. Before recording their opinions, all these professionals participated in an interactive music therapy session. The thematic analysis in this work was performed using MAXQDA® software. RESULTS: Two main categories emerged: (a) the effects of music therapy on healthcare professionals, and (b) the benefits of music therapy to patients (children and adolescents). CONCLUSIONS: Music therapy was valued positively by healthcare professionals who described the benefits its use has for hospitalised children and adolescents. They also expressed positive viewpoints regarding the use of music therapy to improve their own self-knowledge and self-care. IMPLICATIONS TO PRACTICE: Healthcare professionals may utilise music therapists to improve patient outcomes and reduce the negative effects of hospitalisation.

Vaccination generates functional progenitor tumor-specific CD8 T cells and long-term tumor control.

Background: Immune checkpoint blockade (ICB) therapies are an important treatment for patients with advanced cancers; however only a subset of patients with certain types of cancer achieves durable remissions. Cancer vaccines are an attractive strategy to boost patient immune responses, but less is known about whether and how immunization can induce long-term tumor immune reprogramming and arrest cancer progression. We developed a clinically-relevant genetic cancer mouse model in which hepatocytes sporadically undergo oncogenic transformation. We compared how tumor-specific CD8 T cells (TST) differentiate in mice with early sporadic lesions as compared to late lesions and tested how immunotherapeutic strategies, including vaccination and ICB, reprogram TST and impact liver cancer progression. Methods: Mice with a germline floxed allele of the SV40 large T antigen (TAG) undergo spontaneous recombination and activation of the TAG oncogene, leading to rare early pre-cancerous lesions that inevitably progress to established liver cancer. We assessed the immunophenotype and function of TAG-specific CD8 T cells in mice with early and late liver lesions. We vaccinated mice, either alone or in combination with ICB, to test whether these immunotherapeutic interventions could stop liver cancer progression. Results: In mice with early lesions, a subset of TST were PD1 + TCF1 + TOX - and could produce IFNγ, while TST present in mice with late liver cancers were PD1 + TCF1 lo/- TOX + and unable to make effector cytokines. Strikingly, vaccination with attenuated TAG epitope-expressing Listeria monocytogenes (LM TAG ) blocked liver cancer development and led to a population of TST that were TCF1 + TOX - TST and polyfunctional cytokine producers. In contrast, ICB administration did not slow cancer progression or improve LM TAG vaccine efficacy. Conclusion: Vaccination, but not ICB, generated a population of progenitor TST and halted cancer progression in a clinically relevant model of sporadic liver cancer. In patients with early cancers or at high-risk of cancer recurrence, immunization may be the most effective strategy. What is already known on this topic: Immunotherapy, including immune checkpoint blockade and cancer vaccines, fails to induce long-term remissions in most patients with cancer. What this study adds: Hosts with early lesions but not hosts with advanced cancer retain a progenitor TCF1+ TST population. This population can be reprogrammed and therapeutically exploited by vaccination, but not ICB, to block tumor progression. How this study might affect research practice or policy: For people at high-risk of cancer progression, vaccination administered when a responsive progenitor TST population is present may be the optimal immunotherapy to induce long-lasting progression-free survival.

Health Literacy Concepts, Themes, and Research Trends Globally and in Latin America and the Caribbean: A Bibliometric Review.

(1) Background: Health literacy (HL) debates have increased significantly in the last two decades. HL concepts/themes and models have achieved substantial development in the US and Europe. Although there have been some efforts to develop HL in Latin America and the Caribbean (LAC), these seem to be few and scattered. This paper reviews and discusses developments of HL concepts and themes globally and in LAC over the last two decades. (2) Purpose: This study aimed to identify the prevalent health literacy concepts/themes deployed globally and in LAC as reported in academic journals from 2005 to 2022. We looked into which fields of knowledge have been informing HL research over the last decades. (3) Methods: We conducted a structured search on the Web of Science (WoS), Scopus, PubMed, and SciELO databases to extract the textual data for bibliometric analysis. We analyzed the textual data with VOSviewer and Biblioshiny to better understand health literacy themes and strands currently being researched in the LAC region. We conducted the searches in two periods: the first in May 2023 and the second in October 2023. (4) Results: The bibliometric study highlighted five WoS categories informing most HL global studies: (i) public environmental occupational health; (ii) environmental sciences; (iii) health policy services; (iv) health care science services; and (v) communication. The two predominant categories in LAC are public environmental occupation health and health policy services. Journals hosting HL publications come from these WoS categories. Themes in HL publications can be organized into four thematic clusters: (i) analytical (research designs, analytic techniques, and criteria for examining HL data); (ii) psychometric (measurement properties of data collection tools); (iii) pragmatic (practical issues related to implementing HL programs); and (iv) well-being (effectiveness of HL programs on mental health and illness treatment). (5) Conclusions: There is expanding interest in health literacy among scholars. The number of publications has increased substantially, particularly over the last five years. These are dominated by the Global North. The metrics show that LAC and Africa are trailing in publications. There is an emerging focus on adult literacy, functional/low health literacy, and their effect on improving capabilities, comprehension, and communication regarding health-related topics.

Tumor-Reactive CD8+ T Cells Enter a TCF1+PD-1- Dysfunctional State.

T cells recognize several types of antigens in tumors, including aberrantly expressed, nonmutated proteins, which are therefore shared with normal tissue and referred to as self/shared-antigens (SSA), and mutated proteins or oncogenic viral proteins, which are referred to as tumor-specific antigens (TSA). Immunotherapies such as immune checkpoint blockade (ICB) can activate T-cell responses against TSA, leading to tumor control, and also against SSA, causing immune-related adverse events (irAE). To improve anti-TSA immunity while limiting anti-SSA autoreactivity, we need to understand how tumor-specific CD8+ T cells (TST) and SSA-specific CD8+ T (SST) cells differentiate in response to cognate antigens during tumorigenesis. Therefore, we developed a genetic cancer mouse model in which we can track TST and SST differentiation longitudinally as liver cancers develop. We found that both TST and SST lost effector function over time, but while TST persisted long term and had a dysfunctional/exhausted phenotype (including expression of PD1, CD39, and TOX), SST exited cell cycle prematurely and disappeared from liver lesions. However, SST persisted in spleens in a dysfunctional TCF1+PD-1- state: unable to produce effector cytokines or proliferate in response to ICB targeting PD-1 or PD-L1. Thus, our studies identify a dysfunctional T-cell state occupied by T cells reactive to SSA: a TCF1+PD-1- state lacking in effector function, demonstrating that the type/specificity of tumor antigen may determine tumor-reactive T-cell differentiation.

Differences in the Quality of Life of Patients Recently Diagnosed with Crohn's Disease and Ulcerative Colitis.

Inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD) are chronic diseases, encompassing Crohn's disease (CD) and ulcerative colitis (UC). An IBD diagnosis has an impact on the quality of life of patients; this impact can be different according to the type of disease. OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to analyze the differences in the impact on quality of life in the early stages after diagnosis in patients with CD and UC. PATIENTS AND METHODS: This was an observational, multi-center, and cross-sectional study, with the participation of 156 patients recently diagnosed with IBD (<6 months) from 4 hospitals from the Health Council of the Valencian Community. The patients were assessed through the use of the Inflammatory Bowel Disease Questionnaire (IBDQ-32), which measures the quality of life when living with IBD. RESULTS: The sample was composed of 80 patients with CD (51.0%) and 76 patients with a UC diagnosis. The mean age was 42.3 ± 16.2. The CD patients were more affected (42.5%) in their general quality of life than the UC patients (17.1%) (p = 0.001). In the dimensions of the IBDQ-32, the patients with CD showed significant differences in the systemic, emotional, and social spheres. The bowel dimension scores were similar in both groups. CONCLUSIONS: The patients who were recently diagnosed with CD were more affected regarding their quality of life as compared to those who were diagnosed with UC. Psychological care must be considered to mitigate the impact of an IBD diagnosis.

Hallmarks of CD8+ T cell dysfunction are established within hours of tumor antigen encounter before cell division.

Tumor-specific CD8+ T cells (TST) in patients with cancer are dysfunctional and unable to halt cancer progression. TST dysfunction, also known as exhaustion, is thought to be driven by chronic T cell antigen receptor (TCR) stimulation over days to weeks. However, we know little about the interplay between CD8+ T cell function, cell division and epigenetic remodeling within hours of activation. Here, we assessed early CD8+ T cell differentiation, cell division, chromatin accessibility and transcription in tumor-bearing mice and acutely infected mice. Surprisingly, despite robust activation and proliferation, TST had near complete effector function impairment even before undergoing cell division and had acquired hallmark chromatin accessibility features previously associated with later dysfunction/exhaustion. Moreover, continued tumor/antigen exposure drove progressive epigenetic remodeling, 'imprinting' the dysfunctional state. Our study reveals the rapid divergence of T cell fate choice before cell division in the context of tumors versus infection.

Biological, demographic, and health factors associated with HPV infection in Ecuadorian women.

Objectives: The study aims to identify the correlation between human papillomavirus (HPV) infection and sociodemographic and sexual reproductive health factors in Ecuadorian women from March to August 2019. Methods: 120 women were randomly selected from two gynecological clinics to complete a questionnaire and provide a biospecimen. PCR-Hybridization was used to genotype 37 HPV serotypes in samples obtained by endo-cervical brushing for liquid-based cytology. Sociodemographic and sexual health data were collected through a validated questionnaire during a medical consultation. Mathematical modeling of HPV infection was done using bivariate logistic regression. Results: 65.0% of the women sampled had an HPV infection; 74.3% of these women had co-infections with other HPV genotypes. Out of the women who were HPV positive, 75.6% were diagnosed with high-risk genotypes from HPV strains 18, 35, 52, and 66. Parity, immunosuppression, and use of oral contraception/intrauterine devices (IUDs) were identified as associated variables. The explanatory model had a sensitivity of 89.5% and a specificity of 73.8%. Conclusion: The predominant strains of HPV among Ecuadorian women are diverse. The risk of HPV infection is a complex phenomenon where biological and psychosocial variables are integrated into a model. In populations with limited access to health services, low socioeconomic status, and negative sociocultural beliefs about sexually transmitted infections (STIs), surveys can be used as a pre-screening step for HPV infections. The diagnostic value of the model should be tested in multicenter studies that include women from all over the country.

Attitudes toward depression among Ecuadorian physicians using the Spanish-validated version of the Revised Depression Attitude Questionnaire (R-DAQ).

PURPOSE: Depression is inadequately recognized and managed, and physicians' attitudes toward this condition and its treatment may play a part in this. This study aimed to assess Ecuadorian physicians' attitudes toward depression. METHODS: This was a cross-sectional study conducted using the validated Revised Depression Attitude Questionnaire (R-DAQ). The questionnaire was delivered to Ecuadorian physicians, and the response rate was 88.8%. RESULTS: 76.4% of participants had never received previous training in depression, and 52.1% of them indicated neutral or limited professional confidence when dealing with depressed patients. More than two-thirds of the participants reported an optimistic attitude toward the generalist perspective of depression. CONCLUSION: Overall, physicians in Ecuador's healthcare settings were optimistic and held positive attitudes toward patients with depression. However, a lack of confidence in the management of depression and a need for ongoing training were found, especially among medical professionals who are not in daily contact with patients with depression.

Psychometric Validity of the Minnesota Tobacco Withdrawal Scale in Smokers Attempting to Quit: Longitudinal Invariance across Smokers and Abstainers.

Tobacco withdrawal symptoms vary during smoking cessation increasing relapse risk; therefore, a longitudinal invariant measure seems necessary to validly assess withdrawal changes. This study aimed to examine the psychometric properties of the 7-item Minnesota Tobacco Withdrawal Scale (MTWS) during cessation, and to analyze longitudinal invariance across smokers and abstainers. We conducted a longitudinal study with 309 Spanish smokers (56.2 ± 9.9 years; 52.4% women). We assessed withdrawal at three occasions: pre-treatment (T1), week-12 (T2), and week-24 (T3). Reliability, validity, and invariance analyses were performed. MTWS reliability remained adequate over time (ωT1 = 0.78; ωT2 = 0.68; ωT3 = 0.80) in both smokers and abstainers, with satisfactory temporal stability (ICC = 0.73). MTWS correlations with anxiety, depression, and nicotine dependence (rs > 0.3) supported convergent and concurrent validity. MTWS showed no correlation with craving at T2 (rs < 0.24), suggesting discriminant validity. Unifactorial structure proved partial scalar invariance across time (χ2 = 246.009; CFI = 0.91; IFI = 0.91; SRMR = 0.09), yet longitudinal invariance between abstainers and smokers was not supported. Across groups, partial scalar invariance was only achieved at T2. Noninvariance at T3 was mainly due to item irritability (dMACS = 0.93). The MTWS is reliable and valid measure to assess withdrawal changes during cessation. Long-term MTWS comparisons between smokers and abstainers should be taken with caution since different withdrawal patterns may exist.

Validación de instrumento para medir calidad percibida de los servicios de enfermería en el contexto hospitalario / Validation of an Instrument for Measuring Perceived Quality of Nursing Care in the Hospital Context

Introducción: La calidad de atención de Enfermería no se puede resumir en aspectos técnicos mecanizados, pues implica cuidado humano, que sustenta la necesidad evaluarla desde la percepción del sujeto. Objetivo: Validar un instrumento para medir la calidad percibida de los servicios de Enfermería en el contexto hospitalario. Métodos: Se realizó un estudio instrumental, en los servicios de hospitalización del Hospital Clínico Quirúrgico "Hermanos Ameijeiras", La Habana, Cuba, en el período de enero a julio de 2021. Participaron nueve expertos, 15 jueces, 30 pacientes y 10 profesionales de la Enfermería del área de hospitalización. Se emplearon la revisión documental, el grupo focal, el método Delphi y la prueba piloto. Como métodos estadísticos se emplearon los coeficientes de V de Aiken y Alfa de Cronbach. Resultados: El instrumento quedó conformado por tres dimensiones: Componente Técnico (24 indicadores); Componente Interpersonal (17 indicadores); Confort (7 indicadores). El consenso entre los expertos, determinado por el Coeficiente de Concordancia, resultó igual al 100 por ciento. El índice de coeficiente de V de Aiken, estuvo en todos los ítems por encima de 0,9 y global de 0,97. El coeficiente de alfa de Cronbach alcanzó resultados superiores a 0,9 en cada ítem y 0,96 global. Conclusiones: El estudio permitió validar un instrumento para medir la calidad percibida de los servicios de Enfermería en el contexto hospitalario. El instrumento alcanzó una buena validez de contenido, alta fiabilidad y consistencia(AU)

Introduction: The quality of nursing care cannot be summarized based on mechanized technical aspects, since it implies human care, which is supported by the need to assess it focusing on the subject's perception. Objective: To validate an instrument to measure the perceived quality of nursing services in the hospital context. Methods: An instrumental study was carried out in the hospitalization services of Hospital Clínico Quirúrgico Hermanos Ameijeiras, in Havana, Cuba, in the period from January to July 2021, with the participation of 9 experts, 15 judges, 30 patients and 10 nursing professionals from the hospitalization area. Documentary review, focus group, the Delphi method and the pilot test were used. Aiken's V and Cronbach's alpha coefficients were used as statistical methods. Results: The instrument consisted of three dimensions: technical component (24 indicators, interpersonal component (17 indicators), and comfort (7 indicators). The consensus among the experts, determined by the concordance coefficient, was equal to 100 por ciento. The Aiken's V coefficient index was above 0.9 for all items, while the global one was 0.97. Cronbach's alpha coefficient reached results above 0.9 in each item, while the global one was 0.96. Conclusions: The study allowed to validate an instrument for measuring the perceived quality of nursing services in the hospital context. The instrument achieved good content validity, high reliability and consistency(AU)

The relevance of music therapy in paediatric and adolescent cancer patients: a scoping review.

BACKGROUND: Music therapy is an emerging and useful methodology to improve the quality of life of children and adolescents with cancer. OBJECTIVES: The objective of this scoping review was to examine the available literature and offer an analysis of the relevance of music therapy in paediatric oncology. We considered the effects of music therapy on children and adolescents with cancer as well as the perception of this population, their families, music therapists, and health professionals regarding the music therapy sessions conducted. Finally, we analysed the characteristics of the distinct types of music therapy interventions reported in the literature. METHODS: In this review, we applied the methodology proposed by Arksey and O'Malley. After performing a comprehensive academic literature database search, 522 articles were identified of which, 27 met the inclusion criteria. RESULTS: The results shed light on the use of music therapy as a means to facilitate self-esteem, to improve the physical, emotional, and cognitive aspects related to disease and, to a lesser extent, alleviate their physiological symptoms. Both children and adolescents with cancer were represented in the academic literature. The most prevalent findings described in these studies were the benefits of music therapy in terms of improved psychological well-being and social relationships in this population. CONCLUSIONS: Music therapy interventions are generally well received, not only by children and adolescents with cancer, but also by their families, music therapists, and health professionals. Nevertheless, several gaps were identified in some of the studies we considered, including a lack of specificity regarding the results obtained or music therapy intervention methods used.

Planetary Health and Health Education in Brazil: Towards Better Trained Future Health Professionals.

Brazil is Latin America's largest country and has a strong economy, but it is also characterised by many inequalities. These are very conspicuous in the health sector, particularly in health education, which is expected to modernise according to the planetary health (PH) perspective. This paper describes the health education scenario in Brazil and undertakes an analysis of the postgraduate health programmes and policies in place, identifying the extent to which these support the cause of PH. To achieve this goal, this paper deploys a bibliometric analysis to gain a better understanding of the research streams related to higher education and PH. In addition, it presents and discusses selected case studies in the field and cross-checks documents from the Brazilian Ministry of Education against five domains of PH in education. The results indicate that despite some progress to date and the fact that some programmes are in place, there is a perceived need for policies and efforts from education organisations towards connecting PH principles in the education of current and future health professionals.

Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor Levels in Cord Blood from Growth Restricted Fetuses with Doppler Alteration Compared to Adequate for Gestational Age Fetuses.

Background and Objectives: Fetal growth restriction (FGR) is a severe obstetric disease characterized by a low fetal size entailing a set of undesired consequences. For instance, previous studies have noticed a worrisome association between FGR with an abnormal neurodevelopment. However, the precise link between FGR and neurodevelopmental alterations are not yet fully understood yet. Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) is a critical neurotrophin strongly implicated in neurodevelopmental and other neurological processes. In addition, serum levels of BDNF appears to be an interesting indicator of pathological pregnancies, being correlated with the neonatal brain levels. Therefore, the aim of this study is to analyze the blood levels of BDNF in the cord blood from fetuses with FGR in comparison to those with weight appropriate for gestational age (AGA). Materials and Methods: In this study, 130 subjects were recruited: 91 in group A (AGA fetuses); 39 in group B (16 FGR fetuses with exclusively middle cerebral artery (MCA) pulsatility index (PI) < 5th percentile and 23 with umbilical artery (UA) PI > 95th percentile). Serum levels of BDNF were determined through ELISA reactions in these groups. Results: Our results show a significant decrease in cord blood levels of BDNF in FGR and more prominently in those with UA PI >95th percentile in comparison to AGA. FGR fetuses with exclusively decreased MCA PI below the 5th percentile also show reduced levels of BDNF than AGA, although this difference was not statistically significant. Conclusions: Overall, our study reports a potential pathophysiological link between reduced levels of BDNF and neurodevelopmental alterations in fetuses with FGR. However, further studies should be conducted in those FGR subjects with MCA PI < 5th percentile in order to understand the possible implications of BDNF in this group.

Hendidura laringotraqueoesofágica: presentación clínica y corrección quirúrgica / Laryngotracheoesophageal cleft: Clinical presentation and surgical treatment

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Psychological Therapy in Chronic Pain: Differential Efficacy between Mindfulness-Based Cognitive Therapy and Cognitive Behavioral Therapy.

The objective of this study is to evaluate the differential efficacy between Mindfulness-Based Cognitive Therapy (MBCT) and Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT). A quasi-experimental design of repeated measures before and after the test (n = 57) was used with a non-equivalent control group from a previous cohort treated with CBT (n = 105). The t-test revealed significant differences in subjective quality of life for the MBCT group, and in quantity, optimum, and adequate sleep for the CBT group. The pre-post effect size comparison mostly showed slightly larger effect sizes in the MBCT group. CBT and MBCT had comparable efficacies, although a slight trend towards larger effect sizes in MBCT was found. Likewise, CBT seemed to improve sleep-related variables, while MBCT was associated with improvements in pain and quality of life.

Effects of Mindfulness-Based Cognitive Therapy for Chronic Pain: A Multicenter Study.

The prevalence of chronic pain in Spain is 15%. The objective of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of mindfulness-based cognitive therapy on patients with chronic pain. A quasi-experimental design of repeated measures pre- and post-test (N = 57) was carried out at three hospitals from the province of Alicante. Self-reported assessment measurements of pain intensity, anxiety-depression symptoms, perception of health status, interference of pain on sleep, self-efficacy in pain, acceptance, and mindfulness attitude were included. The T-test indicates significant differences in intensity of present pain, mental quality of life, and depression (medium effect sizes), as well as in self-efficacy: total score, symptom management and pain control (medium effect sizes), sleep disturbances and quantity of sleep (large effect sizes). MBCT is effective in reducing many symptoms in patients with chronic pain, although its maintenance needs to be further investigated.

Validation of the Center of Applied Psychology Female Sexuality Questionnaire (CAPFS-Q).

Instruments for the measurement of human sexuality include self-report measures used to assess sexual functioning, but many of them have not yet been validated. The Center of Applied Psychology Female Sexual Questionnaire (CAPFS-Q) is an original self-report instrument. It has been developed for the study of sexuality in specific non-clinical populations, such as female university students of Medicine and other Health Sciences. The CAPFS-Q includes 26 items, organized as follows: sociodemographic and relevant data (four items); aspects of sexual relations with partner (five items); sexual practices (12 from 13 items); and dysfunctional aspects of sexual relations (four items). CAPFS-Q validity and reliability were examined in a sample of Spanish female university students of Health Sciences. Exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis (FA) showed a four-factor structure which explained 71.6% of the variance. This initial version of the CAPFS-Q is a reliable measure of women's sexual behavior, with a dimensionality that replicates the initial theoretical content and with adequate indicators of internal consistency, validity, and test-retest reliability. It is easy to administer and to complete.

Influence of Cerebral Vasodilation on Blood Reelin Levels in Growth Restricted Fetuses.

Fetal growth restriction (FGR) is one of the most important obstetric pathologies. It is frequently caused by placental insufficiency. Previous studies have shown a relationship between FGR and impaired new-born neurodevelopment, although the molecular mechanisms involved in this association have not yet been completely clarified. Reelin is an extracellular matrix glycoprotein involved in development of neocortex, hippocampus, cerebellum and spinal cord. Reelin has been demonstrated to play a key role in regulating perinatal neurodevelopment and to contribute to the emergence and development of various psychiatric pathologies, and its levels are highly influenced by pathological conditions of hypoxia. The purpose of this article is to study whether reelin levels in new-borns vary as a function of severity of fetal growth restriction by gestational age and sex. We sub-grouped fetuses in: normal weight group (Group 1, n = 17), FGR group with normal umbilical artery Doppler and cerebral redistribution at middle cerebral artery Doppler (Group 2, n = 9), and FGR with abnormal umbilical artery Doppler (Group 3, n = 8). Our results show a significant association of elevated Reelin levels in FGR fetuses with cerebral blood redistribution compared to the normal weight group and the FGR with abnormal umbilical artery group. Future research should focus on further expanding the knowledge of the relationship of reelin and its regulated products with neurodevelopment impairment in new-borns with FGR and should include larger and more homogeneous samples and the combined use of different in vivo techniques in neonates with impaired growth during their different adaptive phases.